In our ever-evolving world, higher education continues to be a vital step towards a sustainable career.
Just as the world has evolved, so have the needs of employers. Higher education has become a valuable resource for anybody looking to learn new skills and best position themselves in a changing job market.
“The concept of acquiring new skills for a career shift or advancement holds true at all life stages, emphasizing the importance of lifelong learning in today's workforce,” said Hugo Villar, Ph.D, Dean of UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies.
To keep up with the demand for new skills, many higher education options have emerged, but the two primary accreditations that stand above the rest are certificate and degree programs.
Whether you're a high school graduate entering the workforce for the first time, a mid-career professional seeking advancement, or someone considering a career change, the decision of whether to pursue a certificate versus a degree can be a daunting one. The decisions you make can significantly impact your career trajectory, financial commitments, and personal fulfillment.
This article will outline the specific considerations to keep in mind when exploring your higher education options, helping you align your educational path with your unique career goals and circumstances.
Certificate vs. Degree Definitions
While they're both considered higher education, certificates and degrees offer two very different forms of education.
“Degrees offer a comprehensive education, covering theoretical knowledge and practical skills across a field,” said Villar. “In contrast, certificates focus on specific job-related skills and are structured for immediate application in the workplace.”
To go more in-depth, degrees are designed to give the student a broad educational foundation through which the student will learn concepts, theories, and critical thinking skills. It's a base of knowledge that the student can expand upon and implement in a wide variety of future career roles.
Certificates are more narrow in scope. They tend to focus on providing students with directly applicable skills for a specific role or position. These are generally job-ready skills that the student can utilize almost as quickly as they're learning them. Certificates are often a powerful compliment to a degree, as they offer skill based learning and practical projects that can provide a bridge to work or industry experience.
Who are Certificate Programs for?
Certificates are well-suited for individuals with short-term career or professional development goals who want to acquire specific skills quickly without the more significant investment that comes with a degree program.
Unlike a degree program, which often requires full-time attention and can take many years to complete, certificates are generally part-time and offer more flexible class options such as online classes, night classes, and asynchronous learning.
“The flexibility of certificate programs allows learners to balance commitments like work or family responsibilities,” said Villar.
The duration of a certificate program can range from a few weeks up to a year, although most will be a handful of weeks or a few quarters.
There's also a wide variety of credential programs to prepare students for an equally expansive list of potential careers.
Some certificates are geared more towards entry-level positions in fields that require technical knowledge, such as programmers, HVAC technicians, graphic designers, or Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA).
Other certificates focus on more specialized roles within industries. These are designed for students who may already be working in the industry but want to upgrade or acquire more specialized skills for career advancement. These include certifications for more advanced skills in fields like digital marketing, project management, cyber security, or UX design.
Certificate coursework and projects have secondary benefits of honing power skills, considered “soft skills,” that can enhance teamwork and leadership capabilities and build an executive presence.
“Most individuals navigate multiple careers throughout their lives, and even those with a single career must periodically update their skills,” said Villar. “A certificate from an institution like UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies validates that an individual has acquired education, training, or new skills in a specific area.”
While not always the case, many students in certificate programs are mid-career adults. They're looking to expand their skills or learn new competencies to make themselves more valuable on their current career path or make a switch to a new career path.
Many younger people will also pursue a certificate over a degree as a way to get started in the job market while they figure out their long-term goals. It can be a more cost-effective path at a time of life when the expense of a degree program might not make sense.
“High school graduates can opt for certificates in business, programming, or digital arts to kickstart their careers while contemplating future degrees,” said Villar. “Our programs can even assist high school students in identifying career paths or acquiring valuable skills, like our Problem-Solving program in collaboration with the Jacobs School of Engineering, teaching basic programming skills.”
Like many schools, UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies also offers certificate programs in topics that could be for career growth or personal enrichment, such as photography, creative writing, and languages.
What are the Pros and Cons of Certificate vs Degree Programs?
Certificates and degrees both have their relative advantages and disadvantages. Which one you want to focus on will depend greatly on personal factors.
Here are some pros and cons of each for you to consider.
Pros of a Certificate Program
Learn New Skills Quickly
Certificates are designed to provide students with practical skills quickly. For this reason, certificate programs are typically shorter in duration, making them a fast and convenient way to acquire career-advancing skills.
“While degrees, such as Associate, Bachelor, and Master's, may take years to complete, certificate programs are shorter, often finished in months, or, in immersive formats, they can even be completed in weeks,” said Hugo Villar, Ph.D, Dean of UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies.
Cost-Effective
As opposed to degree programs which can be expensive, certificate programs generally require less time and tuition. They can be a more affordable option for someone who doesn't have the means or desire to take out extensive student loans for a degree at their current stage of life.
Flexible
Certificate programs often have flexible schedules that include evening, online, or asynchronous classes. This makes them appealing to people who may already be working a full-time job, have a family, or simply like the more flexible options.
Low Barrier to Entry
Unlike degree programs which usually require students to submit an application and find out if they've been accepted, certificate programs are generally open and available for anybody to join. You can often learn what you want, when you want, and put it to work right away. There won't be requirements to take general education courses or electives that might not suit your goals either.
“Certificate programs are designed to meet individuals where they are, with accessible entry requirements and modern ways of instruction,” said Villar. “They serve as valuable tools for skill enhancement or transitioning into new fields, providing a quicker path to employment in certain industries.”
Focused Industry-Relevant Training
Getting a certificate related to a job skill or career direction you want to go into demonstrates a commitment to the profession that employers like to see. This can make you a more appealing candidate for a promotion or help you stand out in a crowded job market. In some instances, certificates might even be required for the job.
More to the point though, certificates are often specifically designed with on-the-job applications in mind.
“While academics cover theoretical aspects, the majority of our instructors are highly qualified practitioners in their field, who infuse their courses with practical experience,” said Villar of the many programs at the UC San Diego Division of Extended Studies. “This approach ensures direct applicability to the job without compromising quality.”
Also, many certificate programs are designed in collaboration with industry experts, ensuring that the curriculum aligns with current needs and trends.
“Certain certificates are developed as part of custom programs where employers approach us with the need to retrain their workforce in new technologies, adapt to changes in business direction, or create a cohort of future leaders,” said Villar. “We are in constant conversation with corporations and other organizations that advise us about the trends they are observing in their workforce needs.”
Diverse Variety of Subjects for All Stages of Life
There are certificate programs available for a huge diversity of skills that can suit people at all stages of their life, from straight out of high school through mid-career, and even retirement.
“The flexibility and diversity of our programs cater to the evolving needs and aspirations of learners at various stages in their educational and professional journeys,” said Villar. “Some educational programs may not lead to a certificate but hold intrinsic value. For example, coursework serving as a bridge to graduate programs, such as our Post Baccalaureate Pre-Med program, aims to enhance the applications of those aspiring to pursue a medical career.”
Limitations of Certificates
Certificates have their cons, too. What you gain in expediency, you may lose in long-term upside, relative to what you might get from a degree.
Less Comprehensive Education
By design, certificate programs provide specialized training in a narrow area of focus. While this is great for putting new skills to work right away, certificates generally don't provide the type of comprehensive education that may set you up for a longer and more varied career trajectory. Further career advancement may require additional education, including acquiring a degree at a later point.
Narrower Credential Recognition
While certificates can be valuable for specific jobs, they may not carry the same level of recognition and prestige as degrees in all industries. It will be important to understand how valuable your certificate is in the field and with employers.
Certificates can also be offered by many different educational institutions, such as vocational schools, community colleges, or professional organizations. This means that the quality of certificate programs can vary greatly depending on the institution. Making sure you take classes from a program with a good reputation is worth thinking about, too.
While the term "certificate" is used loosely by some organizations, the University of California adheres to clear guidelines for minimum requirements, specified in our bylaws to ensure that world-class standards are upheld,” said Dean Villar. “In contrast, some organizations offer narrower certificates without the necessary pedagogy and andragogy for effective training.”
Limited Career Options
In some professions, a degree may be a prerequisite for career advancement. This will especially be the case for advanced professions, like becoming a doctor, lawyer, engineer, or architect. It may also be the case for specific roles further up the “ladder,” such as for senior management positions.
Lower Earning Potential
While in most cases a credential can offer a pay bump, economic data often indicates that individuals with degrees have higher earning potential over the course of their careers.
That said, certificates for highly specialized or on-demand skills can lead to very well-paying positions without the extensive cost required of a university degree. Certificates can also work as additional education to supplement a degree, which might give a person even more earning potential than just the degree alone. For example, a Paralegal certificate on top of an English or History undergraduate degree can provide a profitable entryway to a legal career.
The Pros of Degrees
Like certificates, degrees have their pros and cons too. Let's start with the Pros
Wider Career Opportunities
A degree can open doors to a wider range of career opportunities, especially in professions that require advanced knowledge and critical thinking skills. The foundational knowledge and theory you learn through a degree program can be applied to lots of different roles in lots of different industries. It allows graduates to more readily advance in their careers and switch roles within the fields they're working in, too.
Many positions will even require a degree as a minimum qualification. This is both as a screening mechanism and also because the overarching theoretical knowledge and critical thinking skills acquired in a degree program make graduates better candidates for leadership positions.
Graduates from degree programs tend to have an easier time switching careers even without specialized skills in the new industry.
Prestige and Recognition
Degrees are widely recognized and respected globally, particularly when granted by a highly respected university. They may come with a significant amount of prestige and value, based on the subject matter or institution.
Part of this prestige stems from the subject matter learned, but it also serves as proof that you have a broad foundational base of knowledge in the subjects you studied, as well as more advanced critical thinking and professional skills. These professional skills can encompass subtle things like time management or even the ability to write a well-worded email, both ancillary skills that tend to develop in an academic environment.
Higher Earning Potential
Along with the wider career options, graduates of degree programs tend to earn higher salaries over the course of their careers compared to those with a certificate or high school diploma alone. This is partially because of the skills and prestige that come with a degree, but also because having a degree sets the graduate up for higher-level leadership and management positions in the future.
Advanced Specializations
Some careers demand advanced degrees, like a Master’s or PhD, for more specialized roles. The most well-known of these include doctors, lawyers, architects, scientific researchers, and college or university professors. The list of careers that require advanced education continues to grow.
Long-Term Investment
A degree is often seen as a long-term investment in your education and career, providing opportunities for advancement over time.
It's not only the education you receive in these degree programs, but also the professional network from relationships with professors, peers, and alumni that can pay dividends down the road, too.
Cons of Degrees
Degrees have their drawbacks too, often involving a significant commitment of time, energy, and money.
Higher Cost and Longer Duration
Degree programs require a significant time commitment, often spanning several years. They're also more expensive than certificates due to their longer duration and higher tuition fees. Student loans may be necessary for many individuals.
Delayed Entry into the Workforce
Pursuing a degree may delay your entry into the job market compared to a certificate, potentially impacting your immediate earning potential.
For instance, a bachelor's degree can take four or more years to complete. A master's or doctoral degree will take even longer. During this time, your ability to earn money could be diminished or non-existent.
The theory is that the long-term earning potential outweighs the short-term income loss, but it's obviously something that needs to be considered for anybody deciding between a certificate and a degree.
Rigorous Academic Demands
Degree programs can be academically demanding, requiring extensive coursework, research, and exams. They also generally require full-time attention which might not be possible for people who need to earn money or help support a family.
Not Always Required
Some careers and job positions may not require a degree. In fact, having a degree–especially an advanced degree like a master's or PhD–may reduce the pool of available job opportunities. Employers may see you as “over-qualified” and worry that you're going to seek a quick promotion or move on to a better position the first chance you get.
Evolving Industry Needs
In some rapidly changing industries, the knowledge and skills gained during a degree program may become outdated, sometimes shortly after you graduate. More reputable universities do a good job of staying on the cutting edge–and the foundational education you receive should enable you to continually adjust–but it's an important aspect of your education to consider.
A Big Investment Early in Life
While it's not always the case, the vast majority of students in degree programs are young people who are setting the foundation for a future career. They may have started the degree program fresh from high school and don't have any career experience yet.
For this reason, many people pursue degrees before they're even sure what they want to do in their professions.
In many cases, it could be sensible to put off getting a degree until you have a better sense of what you want to do with your life and how a degree will be advantageous towards that.
The counter to this is that the broad education of a degree program introduces you to new things that can help you make such life decisions, but it's still potentially a big expense at a time of life when it's natural to have questions. Additionally, there are hurdles to being admitted into selective universities with the rankings and reputation to add appropriate value to the degree sought.
The Middle Ground: Combining Certificates and Degrees
One thing you can also consider is a hybrid approach, combining certificates and degrees to enjoy the best of both worlds.
This approach would combine the comprehensive education of a degree with the specialized skills of a certificate program, enhancing your qualifications and career prospects in many different ways.
This “middle ground” scenario can take many forms.
In some cases, the student may start by getting a degree and then look to upgrade their skills or change careers with a certificate later in life.
In other situations, the student may start with a certificate program to get going in the workforce and transition into a degree program later if needed or desired.
The truth is that things may change and different needs or desires will come to the forefront at different stages of your life's progression. Having options should be seen as a plus!
“A degree earned years ago may offer foundational concepts, but fields evolve,” said Dean Villar. “The concept of acquiring new skills for a career shift or advancement holds true at all life stages, emphasizing the importance of lifelong learning in today's workforce.”
Planning Your Educational Journey
Within all of these factors, the primary thing to consider is your overall career goals.
If you have specific, short-term goals such as breaking into a new career quickly or advancing in the field you're already in, a certificate might be your best bet.
If your long term career ambitions involve a variety of different roles, larger scale problem solving, management, leadership, or decision-making roles, a degree may be necessary. But, even when you are planning for a degree, a certificate or completion of specialized programs may serve as a valuable bridge for entering a graduate program, such as a post-baccalaureate pre-medical program—or even into a renowned university for an undergraduate degree.It's highly recommended that you thoroughly research the requirements for the field or career you want to enter to understand the expectations. It's also valuable to speak to career counselors, mentors, or professionals in your chosen field to gain additional insights and make an informed decision. You might seek out student and alumni stories, as well, like those featured in the UC San Diego Extended Studies Dare, Dream, Do campaign.
Certificate vs. degree? Let UC San Diego Extended Studies help you decide. Attend one of our information sessions.